Crataegus is a genus of 200 or more species of usually spiny, deciduous, occasionally semi-evergreen small trees and shrubs occurring in woodland and scrub in Northern temperate regions of the world. The leaves are alternative, simple or lobed and mid- to dark- green; some species produce good Autumn colour turning yellow, red or orange.
Many hawthorns have irregular, almost muscular trunks with complex patterns of ridging which reflects their internal vessels. The bark is a dark-brown and has a tendency to peel off in large pieces. Commonly known for their very sharp thorns, their May flowers and following haws or fruit for which Crataegus take their common names of hawthorn or may. The haws are red in colour and follow the May flowering of white or deep pink colours depending on species and variety. Hawthorns can take a number of years to start flowering, trees grown in the ground taking up to 10 years and trees that are raised from seed in pots can sometimes take as long as 20years.
SPECIES COMMONLY USED FOR BONSAI
Common Hawthorn/ Crataegus monogyna varieties
Also known as May, Quick, Quickthorn, Crataegus monogyna is a rounded, deciduous tree with a large number of thorns and broadly ovate to diamond shaped, deeply 3- to 7- lobed, glossy leaves up to 5cm long. Pads of 6-12 fragrant white flowers upto 1.5cm across are borne in late Spring followed by ovoid glossy, dark red fruit. Can reach heights of 10metres in its native Europe.
Hawthorn/ Crataegus oxycantha (syn.Crataegus laevigata)
Also known as May or Midland Hawthorn, the Crataegus oxycantha variety 'Pauls Scarlet' is a frequently used cultivar with its profuse, double, dark-pink flowers. (Confusingly 'Pauls Scarlet is sometimes seen sold as 'Coccinea Plena'). Slightly less vigorous than the Common Hawthorn, Crataegus oxycantha varieties of which there are many, can reach heights of 8 metres in their native Europe,India and North Africa.
Crataegus cuneata/ Japanese Hawthorn.
Very similar to Common Hawthorn but with white flowers. Reaches heights of 6metres in native South East Europe and Asia.See also Hawthorn Bonsai Flowers How to make your Hawthorn, and other bonsai, flower
BONSAI
CULTIVATION NOTES
POSITION Full sun or semi-shade. Very resistant to strong
winds and require a position with good air-circulation to help
resist fungal diseases such as mildew. Though fully hardy when
grown in the ground, Hawthorn bonsai require some frost protection
from temperatures below -10°C.
FEEDING Fortnightly with either high nitrogen to promote strong
growth or high phosphorus and potassium fertiliser to promote
flowering and fruiting. In late summer use a low nitrogen feed
to harden growth for the coming winter.
REPOTTING Annually in Spring as leaf buds extend in a basic soil mix.
PRUNING Hard prune in late winter or early Spring, small wounds
can take a long time to completely heal over, larger wounds, over 3cm in width, are unlikely to completely heal. Pinch out new growth
in Spring and through the growing season.
WIRING Can be wired anytime through the growing season though
Autumn is best, older branches thicken very slowly so wire can
be left in place for long periods.
PROPAGATION Remove seed from flesh as soon as ripe and sow
outside. Softwood cuttings in summer and air-layers in Spring.
Surprisingly airlayers can take a long time to root; great care
must be taken to remove every part of the cambium layer.
PESTS AND DISEASES Caterpillars, aphids, rust and mildews.
STYLING Suitable for all forms except broom. Suitable for
all sizes.